📝 Topics Covered / అంశాలు

• Article 74 — Council of Ministers, binding advice to President
• Council of Ministers size limits (91st Amendment, 15%, min 12, Delhi 10%)
• CM formation sequence — Sarkaria Commission (pre-poll alliance → single largest party → post-poll alliance)
• Bar on defectors becoming ministers (91st Amendment)
• Non-member ministers — 6-month rule
• Cabinet Committees — composition, chairmanship, roles (8 committees)
• President's pardoning power (Article 72) vs Governor's (no death sentence pardon)
• Governor — Article 153, multi-state appointment, tenure & doctrine of pleasure
• BP Singhal case — governor removal cannot be arbitrary
• Governor's qualifications, resignation, salary protection
• State Council of Ministers — Article 163, discretion, mandatory tribal welfare minister
• Value of vote calculation for MLAs in presidential elections (1971 census)
• Absence of formal "veto" terminology in the Constitution
• Ordinance-making power — Articles 123 & 213, 7.5-month maximum validity
• Limited judicial review of ordinances; cannot amend the Constitution
• Vacation of seats — 10-day and 14-day rules
• National Emergency (Article 352) — grounds, approval, revocation, Lok Sabha's special power
• External vs internal emergency; Article 19 suspension mechanics
• President's Rule (Article 356) — validity, extension conditions, suspended animation