📝 Topics Covered / అంశాలు

• Article 20 — no ex post facto law, double jeopardy, self-incrimination
• Narco/polygraph/brain mapping vs DNA fingerprinting
• Article 21 — procedure established by law vs due process
• Golden triangle (14-19-21) & Maneka Gandhi case
• Principles of natural justice
• Article 21A — Right to Education, RTE Act 2009
• No detention policy & the Concurrent List
• Article 22 — grounds of arrest in writing, lawyer of choice, 24-hour production
• Article 23 — trafficking, begar, forced labour, compulsory service exception
• Article 24 — child labour, Child Labour Act 1986/2016 amendment
• Article 25-28 — freedom of religion, essentiality doctrine, Sabarimala
• Conversion & loss/retention of SC/ST status
• Article 27 (secular taxation) & Article 28 (religious instruction)
• Article 29-30 — minority cultural & educational rights
• Article 31/31A/31B/31C — property, Ninth Schedule, Kesavananda Bharati, Minerva Mills
• Doctrine of eminent domain
• Article 32 — writs, locus standi, suspension of rights in emergency
• Articles 33-35 — armed forces, martial law, legislative competence
• Grounds to challenge ordinary law vs constitutional amendments
• Part IV — DPSP as positive obligations (Articles 36-37 intro)