📝 Topics Covered in This Batch / ఈ బ్యాచ్‌లో కవర్ చేసిన టాపిక్స్

• Constitution Basics: Constituent Assembly (first meeting Dec 9, 1946), functions of a Constitution, Doctrine of Limited Government, political & moral identity, Constitutional Morality (Joseph Shine case — Section 497 IPC struck down)
• Federalism: 6 characteristics of a federal constitution (dual government, division of powers, supremacy of constitution, written constitution, rigid constitution, independent judiciary); S.R. Bommai case (federalism as basic structure); UK's parliamentary sovereignty vs India's constitutional supremacy
• Centralizing Features of Indian Federalism: Single constitution, single citizenship, strong Union List (97 items), residuary powers with Centre, Article 3 (state reorganization), Emergency provisions (352/356/360), Governor, All India Services (IAS/IPS/IFoS), integrated judiciary, Parliament's power over State List, unequal Rajya Sabha representation, Election Commission, CAG
• Parliamentary Form of Government: Collective responsibility to Lok Sabha; Dr. Ambedkar's reasoning (accountability over stability); features — dual executive, executive drawn from legislature, collective responsibility, PM leadership, dissolution of lower house
• Constitutionalism: Doctrine of Limited Government; features — separation of powers, popular sovereignty, Rule of Law (A.V. Dicey), independent judiciary, individual rights
• Preamble: "We the People" (legal fiction & source of authority), terms added by 42nd Amendment Act 1976 (Socialist, Secular, Integrity), objectives (Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity), date of adoption (26 Nov 1949) vs date of commencement (26 Jan 1950), Constitution Day (since 2015), Objectives Resolution (Nehru, 1947), Berubari Union case, Purna Swaraj (1930)