📝 Topics Covered in This Batch / ఈ బ్యాచ్‌లో కవర్ చేసిన టాపిక్స్

• Preamble (continued): Preamble as "Identity Card"/"Soul of the Constitution" (N.A. Palkhivala); Preamble is non-justiciable but used for interpretation; K.S. Puttaswamy case (2017) — Right to Privacy under Article 21 derived using Preamble's "dignity of the individual"; Preamble was the LAST item voted upon in the Constituent Assembly; Preamble IS part of the Constitution and CAN be amended, but only subject to the Basic Structure doctrine (it can be "enriched" but not altered to violate basic features like secularism)
• Article 1: "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States" — dual naming; "Union of States" excludes Union Territories (federal concept applies only to states with dual government/division of powers); Dr. Ambedkar's two reasons for using "Union of States" (India not formed by agreement between states; no state has the right to secede — indestructible union, no plebiscite concept)
• First Schedule: Names and territorial details of all States and Union Territories (28 states, 8 Union Territories)
• Article 2: Parliament's power to admit into the Union or establish NEW states from territory OUTSIDE India, on terms Parliament deems fit (e.g., Sikkim's 1975 admission as an "Associate State" — a status not even mentioned in the Constitution, later upgraded to full statehood)
• Article 3: Parliament's power over EXISTING Indian territory — to bifurcate/trifurcate states, merge states, alter areas/boundaries, and change names (e.g., Kerala → Keralam) — a centralizing feature of Indian federalism
• Constitution's territorial entities: States, Union Territories, and "acquired territories" — three categories recognized by the Constitution