📝 Topics Covered / అంశాలు

• DPSP — political vs legal validity (Sushma Swaraj 1998 example)
• Article 39(b)/(c) & material resources (Bombay property owners case)
• DPSPs added by 42nd Amendment 1976 (legal aid, worker participation, environment)
• Article 45 recast & Article 43B (cooperative societies)
• Fundamental Duties — Article 51A, Swaran Singh Committee
• 11 Fundamental Duties, not legally enforceable (no mandamus)
• 86th Amendment's triple change (21A, 51A(k), Article 45)
• Union & State Legislature composition (bicameral/unicameral states)
• MP/MLA qualifications & disqualifications (office of profit, citizenship, 10th Schedule, RPA Section 8)
• Rajya Sabha — history, chairman, strength, proportional representation
• Whip inapplicability in Rajya Sabha elections & cross-voting disqualification
• Legislative Council (MLC) composition — local bodies, graduates, teachers, MLAs, nominated
• Article 169 — creation/abolition of Legislative Councils
• Lok Sabha & Assembly strength, tenure, emergency extension
• Article 86 vs Article 87 — presidential address distinctions
• Motion of thanks & government stability
• Parliament's power to legislate on the State List — Articles 249, 252, 352